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Digital Sinusoid Generators

In [169], three techniques were examined for generating sinusoids digitally by means of recursive algorithms.C.16 The recursions can be interpreted as implementations of second-order digital resonators in which the damping is set to zero. The three methods considered were (1) the 2D rotation (2DR), or complex multiply (also called the ``coupled form''), (2) the modified coupled form (MCF), or ``magic circle'' algorithm,C.17which is similar to (1) but with better numerical behavior, and (3) the direct-form, second-order, digital resonator (DFR) with its poles set to the unit circle.

These three recursions may be defined as follows:

\begin{displaymath}
\begin{array}{crcll}
(1) & x_1(n) &=& c_nx_1(n-1) + s_nx_2(n-1) & \\
& x_2(n) &=& -s_nx_1(n-1) + c_nx_2(n-1) & \mbox{(2DR)} \\ [1mm]
(2) & x_1(n) &=& x_1(n-1) + \epsilon x_2(n-1) & \\
& x_2(n) &=& -\epsilon x_1(n) + x_2(n-1) & \mbox{(MCF)} \\ [1mm]
(3) & x_1(n) &=& 2c_nx_1(n-1) - x_2(n-1) & \\
& x_2(n) &=& x_1(n-1) & \mbox{(DFR)}
\end{array}\end{displaymath}

where $ c_n\isdef \cos(2\pi f_n T)$ , $ s_n\isdef \sin(2\pi f_n T)$ , $ f_n$ is the instantaneous frequency of oscillation (Hz) at time sample $ n$ , and $ T$ is the sampling period in seconds. The magic circle parameter is $ \epsilon=2\sin(\pi f_n T)$ .

The digital waveguide oscillator appears to have the best overall properties yet seen for VLSI implementation. This structure, introduced in [462], may be derived from the theory of digital waveguides (see Appendix C, particularly §C.9, and [437,466]). Any second-order digital filter structure can be used as a starting point for developing a corresponding sinusoidal signal generator, so in this case we begin with the second-order waveguide filter.


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``Physical Audio Signal Processing'', by Julius O. Smith III, W3K Publishing, 2010, ISBN 978-0-9745607-2-4
Copyright © 2023-08-20 by Julius O. Smith III
Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA),   Stanford University
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