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R. Pitteroff and J. Woodhouse, ``Mechanics of the contact area between a violin bow and a string, part ii: Simulating the bowed string,'' Acta Acustica, vol. 84, pp. 744-757, 1998.

120

R. Pitteroff and J. Woodhouse, ``Mechanics of the contact area between a violin bow and a string, part iii: Parameter dependence,'' Acta Acustica, vol. 84, pp. 929-946, 1998.

121

N. Porcaro, P. Scandalis, J. O. Smith, D. A. Jaffe, and T. Stilson, ``SynthBuilder--a graphical real-time synthesis, processing and performance system,'' in Proceedings of the 1995 International Computer Music Conference, Banff, pp. 61-62, Computer Music Association, 1995.

122

G. Putland, ``Every one-parameter acoustic field obeys webster's horn equation,'' Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 41, pp. 435-451, June 1993.

123

L. R. Rabiner and B. Gold, Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1975.

124

R. Rideout, ``Yamaha VL1 virtual acoustic synthesizer,'' Keyboard Magazine, vol. 20, pp. 104-118, June 1994.

125

J. Riionheimo and V. Välimäki, ``Parameter estimation of a plucked string synthesis model using genetic algorithm with perceptual fitness calculation,'' EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, vol. 3, pp. 791-805, July 2003,
sound examples available at http: //www.acoustics.hut.fi/publications/papers/jasp-ga/.

126

C. Roads, The Computer Music Tutorial,
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.

127

D. Rocchesso and F. Scalcon, ``Accurate dispersion simulation for piano strings,'' in Proc. Nordic Acoustical Meeting (NAM'96), (Helsinki, Finland), p. 9 pages, June 12-14 1996.

128

X. Rodet, ``One and two mass model oscillations for voice and instruments,'' in Proceedings of the 1995 International Computer Music Conference, Banff, pp. 207-214, Computer Music Association, 1995.

129

X. Rodet, Y. Potard, and J. Barrière, ``The chant project: From the synthesis of the singing voice to synthesis in general,'' in The Music Machine (C. Roads, ed.), pp. 449-465, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989.

130

T. D. Rossing, F. R. Moore, and P. A. Wheeler, The Science of Sound (3rd Edition),
Reading MA: Addison-Wesley, 2003.

131

P. M. Ruiz, A Technique for Simulating the Vibrations of Strings with a Digital Computer,
PhD thesis, Music Master Diss., Univ. Ill., Urbana, 1969.

132

L. Savioja, J. Backman, A. Järvinen, and T. Takala, ``Waveguide mesh method for low-frequency simulation of room acoustics,'' Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Acoustics (ICA-95), Trondheim, Norway, pp. 637-640, June 1995.

133

L. Savioja and V. Välimäki, ``Reduction of the dispersion error in the interpolated digital waveguide mesh using frequency warping,'' in Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Phoenix, vol. 2, (New York), pp. 973-976, IEEE Press, March 15-19 1999,
http: //www.acoustics.hut.fi/~vpv/publications/icassp99-warp.htm.

134

L. Savioja and V. Välimäki, ``Reducing the dispersion error in the digital waveguide mesh using interpolation and frequency-warping techniques,'' IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, pp. 184-194, March 2000.

135

L. Savioja and V. Välimäki, ``Interpolated rectangular 3-d digital waveguide mesh algorithms with frequency warping,'' IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, vol. 11, pp. 783-790, Nov. 2003.

136

G. Scavone, ``Modeling vocal-tract influence in reed wind instruments,'' in Proceedings of the Stockholm Musical Acoustics Conference (SMAC-03), http: //www.speech.kth.se/smac03/, (Stockholm), pp. 291-294, Royal Swedish Academy of Music, Aug. 2003.

137

G. Scavone and P. R. Cook, ``Combined linear and non-linear prediction in calibrating models of musical instruments to recordings,'' in Proceedings of the 1994 International Computer Music Conference, Århus, pp. 433-434, Computer Music Association, 1994,
Send email to gary@ccrma.stanford.edu to request a copy of the full paper.

138

G. Scavone and J. O. Smith, ``Digital waveguide modeling of woodwind toneholes,'' in Proceedings of the 1997 International Computer Music Conference, Greece, Computer Music Association, 1997.

139

G. Scavone and J. O. Smith, ``Scattering parameters for the Keefe clarinet tonehole model,'' in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Musical Acoustics (ISMA-97), Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 433-438, Aug. 1997.

140

G. P. Scavone and P. R. Cook, ``Real-time computer modeling of woodwind instruments,'' in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Musical Acoustics (ISMA-98), Leavenworth, Washington, pp. 197-202, July 1998,
http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/tonehole/.

141

G. P. Scavone and M. Karjalainen, ``Tonehole radiation directivity: A comparison of theory to measurements,'' in Proceedings of the 2002 International Computer Music Conference, Sweden, pp. 325-329, 2002.

142

G. P. Scavone, An Acoustic Analysis of Single-Reed Woodwind Instruments with an Emphasis on Design and Performance Issues and Digital Waveguide Modeling Techniques,
PhD thesis, CCRMA, Music Dept., Stanford University, March 1997,
http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~gary/.

143

C. Segoufin, B. Fabre, M. P. Verge, A. Hirschberg, and A. P. J. Wijnands, ``Experimental study of the influence of mouth geometry on sound production in a recorder-like instrument: Windway length and chamfers,'' Acta Acustica, vol. 86, pp. 649-661, 2000.

144

S. Serafin, The sound of friction: real-time models, playability and musical applications,
PhD thesis, Music Department, Stanford University, 2004.

145

S. Serafin and D. Young, ``Bowed string physical model validation through use of a bow controller and examination of bow strokes,'' in Proceedings of the Stockholm Musical Acoustics Conference (SMAC-03), http: //www.speech.kth.se/smac03/, 2003.

146

S. Serafin, P. Huang, and J. Smith, ``The banded digital waveguide mesh,'' in Workshop on Current Research Directions in Computer Music, (Audiovisual Institute, Pompeu Fabra University), Nov. 15-17, 2001.

147

S. Serafin, P. Huang, S. Ystad, C. Chafe, and J. O. Smith, ``Analysis and synthesis of unusual friction-driven musical instruments,'' in Proceedings of the 2002 International Computer Music Conference, Sweden, 2002.

148

D. B. Sharp, Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry for the Measurement of Musical Wind Instruments,
PhD thesis, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, 1996,
http: //acoustics.open.ac.uk/pdf/thesis.pdf.

149

J. H. Smith and J. Woodhouse, ``The tribology of rosin,'' Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 48, pp. 1633-1681, Aug. 2000.

150

J. Smith and S. Serafin, ``Tutorial lecture on virtual musical instruments (abstract),'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Program of the 140th Meeting, Newport Beach, CA, Dec. 3-8, vol. 108, p. 2487, Nov. 2000,
Invited Tutorial (60-page hand-out).

151

J. O. Smith, Techniques for Digital Filter Design and System Identification with Application to the Violin,
PhD thesis, Elec. Engineering Dept., Stanford University (CCRMA), June 1983,
CCRMA Technical Report STAN-M-14, http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/STANM/stanms/stanm14/.

152

J. O. Smith, ``Efficient simulation of the reed-bore and bow-string mechanisms,'' in Proceedings of the 1986 International Computer Music Conference, The Hague, pp. 275-280, Computer Music Association, 1986,
also available in [153].

153

J. O. Smith, ``Music applications of digital waveguides,'' Tech. Rep. STAN-M-39, CCRMA, Music Department, Stanford University, 1987,
CCRMA Technical Report STAN-M-39, http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/STANM/stanms/stanm39/.

154

J. O. Smith, ``Viewpoints on the history of digital synthesis,'' in Proceedings of the 1991 International Computer Music Conference, Montreal, pp. 1-10, Computer Music Association, 1991,
http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/kna/.

155

J. O. Smith, ``Waveguide simulation of non-cylindrical acoustic tubes,'' in Proceedings of the 1991 International Computer Music Conference, Montreal, pp. 304-307, Computer Music Association, 1991.

156

J. O. Smith, ``Physical modeling using digital waveguides,'' Computer Music Journal, vol. 16, pp. 74-91, Winter 1992,
special issue: Physical Modeling of Musical Instruments, Part I. http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/pmudw/.

157

J. O. Smith, ``Efficient synthesis of stringed musical instruments,'' in Proceedings of the 1993 International Computer Music Conference, Tokyo, pp. 64-71, Computer Music Association, 1993,
incorporated into [162].

158

J. O. Smith, ``Physical modeling synthesis update,'' Computer Music Journal, vol. 20, pp. 44-56, Summer 1996,
http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/pmupd/.

159

J. O. Smith, ``Principles of digital waveguide models of musical instruments,'' in Applications of Digital Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (M. Kahrs and K. Brandenburg, eds.), pp. 417-466, Boston/Dordrecht/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

160

J. O. Smith, Mathematics of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT),
http: //w3k.org/books/: W3K Publishing, 2003,
http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/mdft/.

161

J. O. Smith, Introduction to Digital Filters,
http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/filters/, May 2004.

162

J. O. Smith, Physical Audio Signal Processing: Digital Waveguide Modeling of Musical Instruments and Audio Effects,
http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/pasp/, December 2005.

163

J. O. Smith and J. S. Abel, ``Bark and ERB bilinear transforms,'' IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, pp. 697-708, November 1999,
Matlab code for the main figures:http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/bbt/.

164

J. O. Smith and B. Friedlander, ``Adaptive interpolated time-delay estimation,'' IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 21, pp. 180-199, March 1985.

165

J. O. Smith and G. Scavone, ``The one-filter Keefe clarinet tonehole,'' in Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics, New Paltz, NY, (New York), IEEE Press, Oct. 1997.

166

J. O. Smith and S. A. Van Duyne, ``Commuted piano synthesis,'' in Proceedings of the 1995 International Computer Music Conference, Banff, pp. 319-326, Computer Music Association, 1995,
http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/pdf/svd95.pdf.

167

T. Stilson, ``Forward-going wave extraction in acoustic tubes,'' in Proceedings of the 1995 International Computer Music Conference, Banff, pp. 517-520, Computer Music Association, 1995.

168

G. Stoll, G. Theile, and M. Link, ``Mascam: Using psychoacoustic masking effects for low-bit-rate coding of high quality complex sounds,'' in Structure and Perception of Electroacoustic Sound and Music, pp. 2034-2048, New York: Excerpta Medica, 1989,
Royal Swedish Academy of Music publication no. 60, 1989.

169

J. C. Strikwerda, Finite Difference Schemes and Partial Differential Equations,
Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth and Brooks, 1989.

170

J. Sundberg, The Science of the Singing Voice,
Dekalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press, 1987.

171

T. Tolonen, V. Välimäki, and M. Karjalainen, ``Evaluation of modern synthesis methods,'' Tech. Rep. 48, Laboratory of Acoustics and Audio Signal Processing, Dept. of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, March 1998,
downloadable from http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/~ttolonen/sound_synth_report.html.

172

T. Tolonen, V. Välimäki, and M. Karjalainen, ``Modeling of tension modulation nonlinearity in plucked strings,'' IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, vol. SAP-8, pp. 300-310, May 2000.

173

C. Traube and J. Smith, ``Estimating the plucking point on a guitar string,'' in Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-00), Verona, Italy, Dec. 2000,
http: //www.dafx.de/.

174

M. Vail, Vintage Synthesizers,
San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books, 1993.

175

V. Välimäki, M. Laurson, and C. Erkut, ``Commuted waveguide synthesis of the clavichord,'' Computer Music Journal, vol. 27, pp. 71-82, Spring 2003.

176

V. Välimäki and M. Karjalainen, ``Digital waveguide modeling of wind instrument bores constructed of truncated cones,'' in Proceedings of the 1994 International Computer Music Conference, Århus, pp. 423-430, Computer Music Association, 1994.

177

V. Välimäki and T. Tolonen, ``Development and calibration of a guitar synthesizer,'' Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 46, no. 9, 1998,
Proceedings of the 103rd Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, New York, Sept. 1997.

178

V. Välimäki, J. Huopaniemi, M. Karjalainen, and Z. Jánosy, ``Physical modeling of plucked string instruments with application to real-time sound synthesis,'' Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 44, pp. 331-353, May 1996.

179

V. Välimäki, H. Penttinen, J. Knif, M. Laurson, and C. Erkut, ``Sound synthesis of the harpsichord using a computationally efficient physical model,'' EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, vol. 7, pp. 934-948, 2004,
special issue on Model-Based Sound Synthesis.

180

C. Vallette, ``The mechanics of vibrating strings,'' in Mechanics of Musical Instruments (A. Hirschberg, J. Kergomard, and G. Weinreich, eds.), pp. 115-183, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

181

S. A. Van Duyne and J. O. Smith, ``Physical modeling with the 2-D digital waveguide mesh,'' in Proceedings of the 1993 International Computer Music Conference, Tokyo, pp. 40-47, Computer Music Association, 1993,
http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/pdf/mesh.pdf.

182

S. A. Van Duyne and J. O. Smith, ``Developments for the commuted piano,'' in Proceedings of the 1995 International Computer Music Conference, Banff, pp. 335-343, Computer Music Association, 1995,
http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/ jos/pdf/svd95.pdf.

183

S. A. Van Duyne and J. O. Smith, ``The tetrahedral waveguide mesh: Multiply-free computation of wave propagation in free space,'' in Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics, New Paltz, NY, (New York), pp. 9a.6.1-4, IEEE Press, Oct. 1995.

184

S. A. Van Duyne and J. O. Smith, ``The 3D tetrahedral digital waveguide mesh with musical applications,'' in Proceedings of the 1996 International Computer Music Conference, Hong Kong, Computer Music Association, 1996.

185

M. van Walstijn, ``private communication,'' 2004.

186

M. O. Van Walstijn and D. Campbell, ``Discrete-time modelling of woodwind instrument bores using wave variables,'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 113, pp. 575-585, 2003.

187

M. van Walstijn and G. Scavone, ``The wave digital tonehole,'' in Proceedings of the 2000 International Computer Music Conference, Berlin, pp. 465-468, Computer Music Association, 2000,
http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/wdth/.

188

M. van Walstijn and J. O. Smith, ``Use of truncated infinite impulse response (TIIR) filters in implementing efficient digital waveguide models of flared horns and piecewise conical bores with unstable one-pole filters elements,'' in Proc. Int. Symp. Musical Acoustics (ISMA-98), Leavenworth, Washington, pp. 309-314, Acoustical Society of America, June 28 1998,
http: //ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/tiirts/.

189

M. O. van Walstijn, Discrete-Time Modelling of Brass and Reed woodwind Instruments with Application to Musical Sound Synthesis,
PhD thesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, 2002,
http: //www.ph.ed.ac.uk/~maarten/.

190

M. P. Verge, Aeroacoustics of Confined Jets with Applications to the Physical Modeling of Recorder-Like Instruments,
PhD thesis, Eindhoven University, 1995.

191

C. Vergez and X. Rodet, ``Model of the trumpet functioning: Real time simulation and experiments with an artificial mouth,'' in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Musical Acoustics (ISMA-97), Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 425-432, Aug. 1997.

192

C. Vergez and X. Rodet, ``Experiments with an artificial mouth for trumpet,'' Proceedings of the International Symposium on Musical Acoustics (ISMA-98), Leavenworth, Washington, 1998.

193

C. Vergez and X. Rodet, ``Dynamic systems and physical models of trumpet-like instruments analytical study and asymptotical properties,'' Acta Acustica, 2000.

194

C. Vergez and X. Rodet, ``New algorithm for nonlinear propagation of a sound wave application to a physical model of a trumpet,'' Journal of Signal Processing, 2000.

195

A. Wang and J. O. Smith, ``On fast FIR filters implemented as tail-canceling IIR filters,'' IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 1415-1427, June 1997.

196

G. Weinreich, ``Coupled piano strings,'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 62, pp. 1474-1484, Dec 1977,
see also [8] and Scientific American, vol. 240, p. 94, 1979.

197

D. Wessel and M. Wright, ``Problems and prospects for intimate musical control of computers,'' in CHI-2001 Workshop on New Instruments for Musical Expression (NIME-01), Seattle, Washington, April 1 and 2 2001,
http: //www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/poup/research/chi2000wshp/program.html.

198

A. P. Wijnands and A. Hirschberg, ``Effect of a pipe neck downstream of a double reed,'' in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Musical Acoustics (ISMA-95), Dourdan, France, (France), pp. 149-152, Société Français d'Acoustique, July 1995.

199

J. Woodhouse, ``On the synthesis of guitar plucks,'' Acustica - Acta Acustica, 2004,
in press.

200

J. Woodhouse, ``Plucked guitar transients: Comparison of measurements and synthesis,'' Acustica - Acta Acustica, 2004,
in press.

201

J. Woodhouse, ``private communication,'' 2004.

202

J. Woodhouse, ``On the playability of violins. Part I: Reflection functions. Part II: Minimum bow force and transients,'' Acustica, vol. 78, pp. 125-136,137-153, 1993.

203

J. Woodhouse, ``Bowed string simulation using a thermal friction model,'' Acustica - Acta Acustica, vol. 89, pp. 355-368, 2003.

204

J. Woodhouse, R. T. Schumacher, and S. Garoff, ``Reconstruction of bowing point friction force in a bowed string,'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 108, pp. 357-368, 2000.

205

E. Zwicker and H. Fastl, Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models,
Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1999,
second updated edition, 80pp., CD-ROM/softcover.