Example:

The Hermitian transpose of the general $3\times 2$ matrix is

$$\left[\begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \\ e & f \end{array}\right]^{\ast } = \left[\begin{array}{ccc} \overline{a} & \overline{c} & \overline{e }\\ \overline{b} & \overline{d} & \overline{f }\end{array}\right].$$

A column vector, e.g.,

$$\underline{x}= \left[\begin{array}{c} x_0 \\ [2pt] x_1 \end{array}\right]$$

is the special case of an $M\times 1$ matrix, while a row vector, e.g.,

$$\underline{x}^{\hbox{\tiny T}} = [\, x_0\; x_1 \,]$$

(as we have been using) is a $1\times N$ matrix. It is often helpful to adopt the convention that all vectors written without the transpose notation are column vectors, so that all row vectors require the transpose notation, as in the equation above.