MIR workshop 2011

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Intelligent Audio Systems: Foundations and Applications of Music Information Retrieval

Logistics

Workshop Title: "Intelligent Audio Systems: Foundations and Applications of Music Information Retrieval"

  • 9-5 PM. Mon, 06/27/2011 - Fri, 07/01/2011
  • Instructors: 
- Jay LeBoeuf, Imagine Research 
- Rebecca Fiebrink, Princeton University
- Doug Eck, Google Google
- Stephen Pope,  Imagine Research 
- Steve Tjoa, University of Maryland / Imagine Research 
- Leigh Smith,  Imagine Research 
- George Tzanetakis, University of Victoria
  • Participants:

Abstract

How would you "Google for audio", provide music recommendations based your MP3 files, or have a computer "listen" and understand what you are playing? This workshop will teach the underlying ideas, approaches, technologies, and practical design of intelligent audio systems using Music Information Retrieval (MIR) algorithms.

MIR is a highly-interdisciplinary field bridging the domains of digital audio signal processing, pattern recognition, software system design, and machine learning. Simply put, MIR algorithms allow a computer to "listen" and "understand or make sense of" audio data, such as MP3s in a personal music collection, live streaming audio, or gigabytes of sound effects, in an effort to reduce the semantic gap between high-level musical information and low-level audio data. In the same way that listeners can recognize the characteristics of sound and music - tempo, key, chord progressions, genre, or song structure - MIR algorithms are capable of recognizing and extracting this information, enabling systems to perform extensive sorting, searching, music recommendation, metadata generation, transcription, and even aiding/generating real-time performance.

This workshop is intended for: students, researchers, and industry audio engineers who are unfamiliar with the field of Music Information Retrieval (MIR). We will demonstrate the myriad of exciting technologies enabled by the fusion of basic signal processing techniques with machine learning and pattern recognition. Lectures will cover topics such as low-level feature extraction, generation of higher-level features such as chord estimations, audio similarity clustering, search, and retrieval techniques, and design and evaluation of machine classification systems. The presentations will be applied, multimedia-rich, overview of the building blocks of modern MIR systems. Our goal is to make the understanding and application of highly-interdisciplinary technologies and complex algorithms approachable.

Knowledge of basic digital audio principles is required. Familiarity with Matlab is desired. Students are highly encouraged to bring their own audio source material for course labs and demonstrations.

Workshop structure: The workshop will consist of half-day lectures, half-day supervised lab sessions, demonstrations, and discussions. Labs will allow students to design basic ground-up "intelligent audio systems", leveraging existing MIR toolboxes, programming environments, and applications. Labs will include creation and evaluation of basic instrument recognition, transcription, and real-time audio analysis systems.

Lectures & Labs


Day 1: Lecture 1 Slides

  • Presenters: Jay LeBoeuf & Rebecca Fiebrink
  • CCRMA Introduction - (Carr/Sasha). CCRMA Tour.
  • Introduction to MIR (What is MIR? Why are people interested? Commercial Applications of MIR)
  • A brief history of MIR
  • Overview of a basic MIR system architecture
  • Timing and Segmentation: Frames, Onsets
  • Features: ZCR, Spectral moments; Scaling of feature data
  • Classification: Instance-based classifiers (k-NN)
  • Information Retrieval Basics
    • Classifier evaluation (Cross-validation, training and test sets)
    • IR Evaluation Metrics (precision, recall, f-measure, AROC,...)
  • Application: Instrument recognition and drum transcription / Using simple heuristics and thresholds (i.e. "Why do we need machine learning?")


Lab 1:

Students who need a personal tutorial of Matlab or audio signal processing will split off and received small group assistance to bring them up to speed.

  • REMINDER: Save all your work, because you may want to build on it in subsequent labs.


Day 2: Lecture 2 Slides

  • Presenters: Leigh Smith & Stephen Pope
  • Overview: Signal Analysis and Feature Extraction for MIR Applications
  • MIR Application Design
    • Audio input, analysis
    • Statistical/perceptual processing
    • Data storage
    • Post-processing
  • Windowed Feature Extraction
    • I/O and analysis loops
  • Feature-vector design (http://www.create.ucsb.edu/~stp/PostScript/PopeHolmKouznetsov_icmc2.pdf)
    • Kinds/Domains of Features
    • Application Requirements (labeling, segmentation, etc.)
  • Time-domain features (MPEG-7 Audio book ref)
    • RMS, Peak, LP/HP RMS, Dynamic range, ZCR
  • Frequency-domain features
    • Spectrum, Spectral bins
    • Spectral measures (statistical moments)
    • Pitch-estimation and tracking
    • MFCCs
  • Spatial-domain features
    • M/S Encoding, Surround-sound Processing Frequency-dependent spatial separation, LCR sources
  • Other Feature domains
    • Wavelets, LPC
  • Onset-detection: Many Technique
    • Time-domain differences
    • Spectral-domain differences
    • Perceptual data-warping
    • Adaptive onset detection
  • Beat-finding and Tempo Derivation
    • IOIs and Beat Regularity, Rubato
      • Tatum, Tactus and Meter levels
      • Tempo estimation
    • Onset-detection vs Beat-detection
      • The Onset Detection Function
    • Beat Histograms
    • Fluctuation Patterns
    • Meter estimation
    • Approaches to beat tracking
      • Comb filters
      • Autocorrelation
      • Beat Spectrum measures
      • Multiresolution (Wavelet)
    • Octave errors in beat tracking
  • Applications
    • Song clustering based on a variety of feature vectors
    • PCA of feature spaces using Weka


Lab 2:

  • Feature extraction and flexible feature vectors in MATLAB, Marsyas, Aubio, libExtract
  • MATLAB/Weka code for sound clustering with a flexible feature vector
  • C++ API examples Marsyas, Aubio, libExtract - pre-built examples to read and customize
  • Extract CAL 500 per-song features to .mat or .csv using features from today. This will be used on lab for Friday


Day 3

  • Presenters: Stephen Pope & Steve Tjoa
  • Overview: 2nd-Stage Processing and Post-processing in MIR Applications
  • 2nd-Stage Processin
    • Thresholds and Data Pruning
    • Perceptual Mapping
    • Data Reduction: Averaging, GMMs, Running Averages
    • Feature-data-smoothing: de-spiking, sticky values, filter, etc.
  • Segmentation of music and non-musical audio
    • Segmentation based on islands of similar features
    • Segmentation based on regular difference peaks
    • Segmentation based on labeling
  • Post-processing: What are we doing?
    • Storing Feature Data: SQL, JSON, XML, etc.
    • Classification/Clustering/Transcription/Labeling
  • Classification: KNN vs SVM training and testing
    • SVM tools and APIs
  • Clustering vs Classification: Tree-based systems
  • Audio Transcription: Onsets and per-onset features
  • Other applications: source separation, similarity match, search, etc.
  • Classification/estimation in the presence of polyphony
    • Try basic approach on a musical mixture.
    • How well does it perform?
    • What do we do to improve its performance? ICA, NMF, K-SVD.
    • Matrix representations of data: spectrogram, chromagram, timbregram, etc.
    • Methods to improve NMF/K-SVD under heavy harmonic overlap
  • Applications
    • Feature vector pruning
    • Segmentation examples
    • SVMs for classification
    • Multipitch estimation, source separation, denoising


Lab 3:

  • 2nd-Stage Processing
  • SVM tools
  • Classification examples

  • If you finish early, see the "bonus labs" section below.

Day 4:
  • Presenters: George Tzanetakis
  • Features: Pitch, Chroma
  • Classification: Alignment
  • Application: Cover Song ID / Music Collections

Lab 4:
Day 5: [1]
  • Presenters: Doug Eck
  • Application: Recommender
  • Autotagging using CAL500.

Lab 5
Bonus Lab material

software, libraries, examples

Applications & Environments

Machine Learning Libraries & Toolboxes

Optional Toolboxes

Supplemental papers and information for the lectures...

* Explanations, tutorials, code demos, recommended papers here - for each topic....
* A list of beat tracking references cited

Past CCRMA MIR Workshops and lectures

References for additional info

Recommended books:

  • Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, Second Edition by Ian H. Witten , Eibe Frank (includes software)
  • Netlab by Ian T. Nabney (includes software)
  • Signal Processing Methods for Music Transcription, Klapuri, A. and Davy, M. (Editors)
  • Computational Auditory Scene Analysis: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications, DeLiang Wang (Editor), Guy J. Brown (Editor)
  • Speech and Audio Signal Processing:Processing and perception of speech and music Ben Gold & Nelson Morgan, Wiley 2000

Prerequisite / background material:

Papers:

Other books:

  • Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics) by Christopher M. Bishop
  • Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Christopher M. Bishop, Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Pattern Classification, 2nd edition, R Duda, P Hart and D Stork, Wiley Interscience, 2001.
  • "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach" Second Edition, Russell R & Norvig P, Prentice Hall, 2003.
  • Machine Learning, Tom Mitchell, McGraw Hill, 1997.

Interesting Links:

Audio Source Material

OLPC Sound Sample Archive (8.5 GB) [2]

http://www.tsi.telecom-paristech.fr/aao/en/category/database/

RWC Music Database (n DVDs) [available in Stanford Music library]

RWC - Sound Instruments Table of Contents

http://staff.aist.go.jp/m.goto/RWC-MDB/rwc-mdb-i.html

Univ or Iowa Music Instrument Samples

https://ccrma.stanford.edu/wiki/MIR_workshop_2008_notes#Research_Databases_.2F_Collections_of_Ground_truth_data_and_copyright-cleared_music

MATLAB Utility Scripts

http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~kglee/kaist_summer2008_special_lecture/

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