Conclusions
Audio Speech Research Note
Command-line Tract Model Based Vowel Synthesis
As a final method for the synthesis of vocal sounds, John Chowning discovered that his FM synthesis technique [Chowning 1973] (a technique for the production of musical sounds) could be used to generate sounds with a vocal texture [Chowning 1989].
A command-line application has been written to allow users to experiment with
various FM synthesis parameters for vowel synthesis. The utility is called
fm_vowel, and may be downloaded at
http://www-ccrma.stanford.edu/~rjc/audio/speech/vowel/fm_vowel/fm_vowel.tar.gz.
Similar to the tract_vowel utility described in §6.3, command-line options may be provided either on the command-line directly, or in a file for subsequent access using the `-f' switch. Also, as with tract_vowel, more information may be obtained using `./fm_vowel --help' in the directory into which the program has been downloaded.
A clip of a vowel generated using this utility may be heard at
http://www-ccrma.stanford.edu/~rjc/audio/speech/vowel/fm_vowel/fm_vowel_250_Hz.wav,
Conclusions
Audio Speech Research Note
Command-line Tract Model Based Vowel Synthesis