The impedance of a mass in the frequency domain is
This difference equation is diagrammed in Fig. J.11. We recognize this recursive digital filter as the direct form I structure. The direct-form II structure is obtained by commuting the feedforward and feedback portions and noting that the two delay elements contain the same value and can therefore be shared. The two other major filter-section forms are obtained by transposing the two direct forms by exchanging the input and output, and reversing all arrows. (This is a special case of Mason's Gain Formula which works for the single-input, single-output case.) When a filter structure is transposed, its summers become branching nodes and vice versa. Further discussion of the four basic filter section forms can be found in [312].