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Bell Models

The bell of a woodwind instrument is generally modeled as a ``cross-over filter'' in which the reflectance (back down the bore) is a lowpass filter (rolling off above 1500 Hz for a clarinet [16]), and the transmittance (into the surrounding air) is a complementary high-pass filter. Typically, the reflection filter must be designed based on an empirical impulse response measured using, e.g., pulse reflectometry [148], but one can use theoretical approximations as well [101,142]. See §8 below for discussion of a method for reducing the computational complexity of bell filters.


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``Virtual Acoustic Musical Instruments: Review and Update'', by Julius O. Smith III, DRAFT to be submitted to the Journal of New Music Research, special issue for the Stockholm Musical Acoustics Conference (SMAC-03) .
Copyright © 2005-12-28 by Julius O. Smith III
Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA),   Stanford University
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