Vibrato

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literature review

1. Perceptual Evaluation of Vibrato Models

Vincent Verfaille, Catherine Guastavino, Philippe Depalle
Proceedings of the Conference on Interdisciplinary Musicology (CIM05)
  • spectral envelope modulation
  • frequency-dependent hysteresis behavior
  • test: preference for sounds with modulated spectral envelope
  • offers great literature review & background info on vibrato pitch, rate, extent, shape, and temporal evolution
  • provides equations for modeling FM, AM, SEM pulsations
  • vibrato is made of at least one of these three kind of modulations:
  1. amplitude modulation (predominant in wind and brass instr)
  2. frequency modulation (predominant in voice and string instr)
  3. spectral envelope modulation and hysteresis (existing in wind, brass, voice)
  • Questions & thoughts:
* How much of the analysis is instrument-specific, and how much is it performer/ context/ style-specific?
* It'd be interesting to see a more music-passage specific (higher level) analysis as opposed to instrument-specific modelling

2. An Investigation of Vocal Vibrato for Synthesis

Robert Maher, James Beauchamp
Applied Acoustics 30 (1990) 219-245
  • focuses on vocal vibrato & presents a new panned-wavetable synthesis method
  • role of spectrum modulation
  • findings: "Inclusion of typical random fluctuations of vibrato rate, vibrato depth, and nominal sung frequency resulted in no quality preference over examples with constant values. Inclusion of vibrato-induced spectrum modulation resulted in a substantial improvement over examples having constant spectra."

3. Synthesis of Vibrato Singing

Yoram Meron and Keikichi Hirose
2000 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics
  • matches the phase of the vibrato in the original unit (used for synthesis in the source database) with the vibarto phase of the synthesized (target) vibrato sound.
  • useful section: 3.1 Vibrato detection
  1. rate between 4.5 adn 7.0 Hz
  2. modulation depth between 4% and 15%
  3. extracted pitch - interpolated extrme points, compare to threshold
sequence of 5+ extreme points which pass all these tests are marked as vibrato anchor points