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| − | = Chavín de Huántar Archaeological Acoustics Project = | + | = [http://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/ Chavín de Huántar Archaeological Acoustics Project] = |
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| − | =='''Acoustic Measurement, Archiving, Analysis, Modeling, and Simulation/Installation'''== | + | =='''Acoustic Measurement, Archiving, Analysis, Modeling, and Simulation/Installation''' – A collaboration between Stanford University's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) and Archaeology/Anthropology == |
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| − | '''Overview'''
| + | Project website now at: [http://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/ ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/ ] |
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| − | Chavín de Huántar is a monumental World Heritage archaeological site [http://www.globalheritagefund.org/where/chavin.html] in the Peruvian highlands predating Inca society by over 2000 years. Since 1995 Professor John Rick of Stanford University and teams have been excavating the site [http://www.stanford.edu/~johnrick/chavin_wrap/index.html], revealing peculiar and unique architectural features in both surface and underground structures. It is the underground structures, a complex of galleries and corridors, that are of particular interest to this project, because explanations for their purpose and function have lead to Prof. Rick’s hypothesis that they were constructed, at enormous cost in labor, to establish social hierarchy through sensory manipulation in the context of religious ritual– a priest-elite over the novitiates.
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| − | In 2001 Prof. Rick discovered in one of the galleries twenty engraved ceremonial Strombus (conch) trumpets, some of which showed (through wear) use over several centuries. This important discovery reinforced his hypothesis that the acoustical properties of the underground part of the site were fundamental to the ancient ritual and perhaps even a determinant in their layout and design. One of the important (and enticing) questions is whether there is an acoustical relationship between the Strombus trumpets and the dimensions and layout of the underground galleries. That is, are the acoustic properties of the Strombus trumpets in any way coupled to the resonant frequencies and temporal features of the echoes in the galleries and corridors? Finding an answer to this question will provide Prof. Rick with data to further elaborate and refine his hypothesis regarding the importance of sensory manipulation in Chavín ritual.
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| − | Since an important area of research at CCRMA is physical modeling of acoustic sources and reverberant spaces, we saw the opportunity to join two disciplines with the purpose of extending Prof. Rick’s three-dimensional measurements and CAD renderings of the site to include physical models of the site’s acoustics as well as the excitation sources, e.g. Strombus trumpets, rushing water through canals both above and beneath some of the galleries, and the human voice.
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| − | The labyrinthine galleries are arranged in a series of small rectangular alcoves off narrow corridors. Acoustic measurements and models of a site can be used to archive site acoustics, estimate the acoustics of inaccessible or alternative site architectures, and reconstruct original site acoustics; they may also be used to corroborate aspects of rituals suggested by other archaeological data. Measurement and modeling may be used to understand the implications of auditory experiences within the galleries as related to the site’s role in developing religious authority.
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| − | Chavín de Huántar is an important touristic attraction. Thus the Peruvian government must make the underground galleries safe for visitors, involving reinforcing structures that will irreversibly alter the acoustics. It is therefore imperative that onsite measurements from which the acoustic models can be constructed be made soon, precisely, and thoroughly.
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| − | The project is divided into three phases as shown below, with Phase 3 representing the ultimate goal – a complete, site-independent, computer-based physical model of the acoustics of the underground galleries and above-ground plazas that is coupled to a computercontrolled multiple loudspeaker simulation. Once the model is designed (Phase 2), control, synthesis and processing is easily accomplished with a single computer. A complete simulation will provide a rich research base with which to evaluate a variety of acoustic conditions, architectural geometries, source placements, and listening positions within the galleries. Such a simulation can also be used as a public accessible installation/walkthrough, at both the site museum and at Stanford, recreating the auditory-visual experience of the original galleries.
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| − | === '''Team Information''' ===
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| − | '''Co-investigators:'''
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| − | * John Rick, PhD, Professor, Stanford University, Archaeology/Anthropology
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| − | * Julius O. Smith, PhD, Professor, Stanford University, Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA)/Electrical Engineering (by courtesy)
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| − | * Jonathan S. Abel, PhD, Consulting Professor, Stanford University, CCRMA
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| − | * Patty Huang, MA, Graduate Student, Stanford University, CCRMA
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| − | * Miriam Kolar, MFA, Graduate Student, Stanford University, CCRMA
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| − | '''Coordinator:'''
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| − | * John Chowning, DMA, Professor Emeritus, Stanford University, CCRMA/Music
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| − | '''Local collaborators:'''
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| − | * (Museum director)
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| − | '''Team Background:'''
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| − | * John Rick has been heading excavations and directing research at the Chavín site since 1995
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| − | * Digital waveguide techniques were pioneered at CCRMA by Julius O. Smith III
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| − | * Julius O. Smith and Jonathan S. Abel have been working together on acoustic array processing and related problems since 1985
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| − | * Patty Huang is a PhD student working under Abel on physical modeling and analysis of reverberant spaces
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| − | * Miriam Kolar is a PhD student with extensive field experience in recording engineering
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| − | * John Chowning is a composer having long standing interest in spatial modeling
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| − | * CCRMA has expertise in field measurements, psychoacoustics, digital signal processing, and artificial reverberation
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| − | === '''Phase 1. Preparation and on-site measurements ''' ===
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| − | '''Preparation'''
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| − | * Preliminary on-site tests [completed 12/07]
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| − | * Preliminary on-site tests [to be completed 3/08]
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| − | * Specification of test and recording equipment [ongoing; 1-2/08]
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| − | * Purchase and assemble gear [ongoing; 2-?/08]
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| − | '''Simulation Trials in local environments'''
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| − | * CCRMA stairwell, hallways, “Pit”
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| − | * SU subsurface spaces-“famous” steam tunnels
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| − | * Outdoor space similar to Chavín Circular Plaza?
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| − | '''Specify provisional mapping for sound source-receiver placements from CAD rendering [in progress 1/08] '''
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| − | * from each chamber to main space
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| − | * least damaged areas
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| − | * with and without plastering
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| − | * peculiar geometries (e.g. , adjoining (comb-like) chambers, etc)
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| − | '''On site measurements at Chavín'''
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| − | * Plastering of section of Chavín (selection of plastered sections is critical (soon after arrival to allow for drying)
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| − | * Adjust mapping of source-receiver points
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| − | '''Measurements -- sources'''
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| − | * balloon pops
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| − | * speaker-generated sinusoidal chirps
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| − | * other signals
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| − | * strombus trumpet live/recorded
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| − | * record stream/water sound, wind noise
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| − | '''Measurements -- receivers'''
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| − | * distributed mics
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| − | * in-ear-canal mics
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| − | '''Costs'''
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| − | * $3,000 (2/08) equipment
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| − | * $13,000 (summer 2008) equipment, data collection costs, logistical support [estimated; final costs TBD]
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| − | * $8,000 travel and accommodations (2 weeks on site) for 2 faculty (Rick, Abel), 2 graduate students (Huang, Kolar)
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| − | * $1,000 on site wall-building, plastering, and removal (summer 2008)
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| − | '''Potential Sources of Funding'''
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| − | * National Geographic [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/research/grant_application.html#eligibility]
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| − | * Stanford Institute for Creativity in the Arts (SICA) [http://sica.stanford.edu/]
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| − | '''Acoustics'08 Paper''' [http://www.acoustics08-paris.org/]
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| − | * Presentation in Paris, June-July 2008
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| − | === '''Phase 2. Analysis and Generation of Physical Model ''' ===
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| − | '''Analysis'''
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| − | * compare plastered and unplastered and extrapolate to the entire structure
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| − | * IR measurement to render the modeled spaces
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| − | * measurement processing to model the pristine state
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| − | * Strombus trumpet
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| − | '''Physical Model'''
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| − | * calculate acoustical properties of materials
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| − | * rendering from architectural models
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| − | * use waveguide mesh processing
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| − | * Stanford invention of and current work with waveguide mesh allows effective method to address computation/simulation of acoustical spaces
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| − | * process and match/fit measurements then extend to parts of site that aren't necessarily intact or accessible for comprehensive measurements (plastering).
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| − | '''Costs'''
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| − | '''Funding Sources'''
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| − | * National Geographic [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/research/grant_application.html#eligibility]
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| − | * National Endowment for the Humanities- Collaborative Research Grants [http://www.neh.gov/GRANTS/guidelines/collaborative.html#submit]
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| − | * National Science Foundation- Archaeology and Archaeometry [http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=11690]
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| − | === '''Phase 3. Electroacoustic Simulation & Public Interface''' ===
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| − | '''Locations'''
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| − | * Stanford
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| − | * Chavín Museum
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| − | * National Museum, Peru
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| − | '''Public Interfaces'''
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| − | * Virtual walkthrough (headphone tour) in present condition
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| − | * Virtual walkthrough (headphone tour) in reconstructed condition
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| − | * Enhanced reverberation system for visitor experience
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| − | * Installations of replica in various formats (online, DVD, museum, show, etc.)
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| − | '''Conservation & Reconstruction'''
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| − | * Quantify and compensate for support structures
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| − | * Simulation of plastered walls
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